1920 Baseball

How the 1920s Forever Changed Baseball It should not shock a lion's share of Americans that baseball is considered America’s national past time. Indeed, for some individuals baseball has consistently been a gigantic piece of consistently life. Individuals are presented to baseball through various mediums, for example, TV, papers, and even the radio. When did this fixation start for the residents of America? The 1920s is known as the Golden Age of Sports. While numerous games began to rise during this decade, baseball was at that point built up in 1875 and quickly picking up popularity.Multiple factors influenced the way that baseball changed during the 1920s. Because of its expanded prevalence of baseball and certain parts of the game, the 1920s made what is known as cutting edge baseball. Past to 1910 an elastic focused ball was utilized, which had â€Å"less versatility than the advanced plug focused baseball. † When baseball changed to the plug focused ball in 1910, â€Å"batting midpoints shot upward marvelously, however the directors proceeded with long a short time later to utilize the ‘scientific’ strategy† (Mandell 131).Before the stopper focused ball, the game was commanded by exceptional pitchers and players who experienced issues hitting (Mandell 130). Walter Johnson was considered the decade’s best pitcher and totaled 3,497 strikeouts and 113 shut outs in his vocation (Mandell 130). When the ball was changed the game turned out to be all the more intriguing by having the game presently adjusted between the offense and barrier. This made it workable for audience members to be engaged tuning in to a ball game rather than continually going to watch the game. During this decade and the prior decade, large scale manufacturing made the radio a staple in many families in the United States.The wide scale creation made radios considerably more moderate for normal families. â€Å"By 1925, 40 percent of laborers in the United States earned in any event $2000 yearly †¦ and many delighted in abbreviated work filled weeks, which gave them expanded recreation time† (â€Å"The 1920s: Sports: Overview† 1). With the abundance cash that the laborers presently had, they would go out and purchase, â€Å"among different things, vehicles, radios, and passes to motion pictures and athletic events† ((â€Å"The 1920s: Sports: Overview† 1). Multitudes of individuals were going to arenas to watch their preferred group contend. More individuals went to ball games, more individuals followed baseball, and a larger number of individuals played baseball for the sake of entertainment than some other sport† (â€Å"The Golden Age of Sports† 1). No other game was as noticeable as baseball was during the 1920s. A significant attract to baseball was that it was another type of theater. â€Å"The sheer show of baseball was one more fascination. Baseball had a cast of all around c haracterized legends and scoundrels, natural plots, satire, and the unexpected† (Rader 129). Baseball end up being ready to create overwhelming characters, or the â€Å"heroes,† time after time.To name a couple there was, most eminently, Babe, Wahoo Sam, and Bugs. In each game, the umpire filled the need of the miscreant (Rader 129). While individuals during the 1920s probably won't have had the budgetary abundance to burn through cash on observing a Broadway play or other enormous scope theater creations, ball games had a similar fascination at a lesser cost. While some wealthy individuals attended ball games, â€Å"†¦ each mother’s child from investor to bum is qualified for enrollment in the Benevolent Brotherhood of Baseball Bugs† (â€Å"The National Pastime during the 1920s: The Rise of the Baseball Fan† 1).Everyone was free to play partake in baseball, regardless of whether it be as an onlooker or player. As of now baseball was not only f or one race either. Individuals all things considered and foundations played baseball. For instance, in 1920 Andrew â€Å"Rube† Foster established the Negro National League, NNL, with the goal that when baseball was at last incorporated the dark and Hispanic players of the time would be prepared for the test (Heaphy 39). Indeed, even men that didn't originate from very much regarded childhoods were promptly acknowledged into the universe of baseball.George Herman Ruth Jr. , all the more usually known as Babe Ruth, was the prime case of how tolerating baseball was. Darling experienced childhood in Baltimore, Maryland and stated, â€Å"†¦ he turned into a ‘bad kid,’ who smoked, bit tobacco, and occupied with trivial robbery. † When Babe turned seven â€Å"his guardians sent him to the St. Mary’s Industrial Home for Boys, and organization †¦ for †¦ delinquents. † (Rader 178). Following twelve years in the home and building his bas eball notoriety, Babe was drafted to the Baltimore Orioles and the Boston Red Sox (Rader 178).Babe wrote in a collection of memoirs, â€Å"The most prominent thing about this nation is the brilliant actuality that it doesn’t matter which side of the tracks you were conceived on, or whether you’re destitute or simple or forlorn. The possibility is still there† (Rader 178). All individuals of various races and childhoods were united through baseball, as onlookers and players, in spite of the fact that the game would not be incorporated until 1947. The prominence of baseball extraordinarily influenced the way that the game would change. Without the interest of the observers, certain progressions would not have been made to the game. The most checked element of the new brandishing scene was the command of ‘big-time’ onlooker sports, that is, sports that were pulled in and were intended for mass audiences† (Rader 173). Baseball transformed from a p layer-focused game to an onlooker focused game. In American Sports it says that: After 1920 the fans for all intents and purposes directed the character of American game history. Indeed, even the ethos and structure of ‘amateur’ sports like Little League Baseball and secondary school football looked like their expert partners more than the player-focused games of a before era.In rule, if not by and by, novice sports had been for the joy and advantage of the players; so, the competitors ‘played. ’ But with the domination of the observers, the competitors ‘played’ for the fans; sports at that point turned into a type of ‘work. ’ (Rader 173) Baseball inevitably turned into a purchaser run industry. Brilliant arenas were starting to be worked during the 1920s, starting with Yankee Stadium in 1923 (Rader 128). â€Å"The enormous baseball parks, worked of cement and steel, bore quiet declaration to the qualities Americans place upon bas eball. The fans considered the to be as in excess of a spot for business diversion, the arenas were additionally a â€Å"king of city, strict haven speaking to and whole community† (Rader 128). Judging exclusively on the difference in the arenas from natural to urban, it’s clear that America was changing baseball into an overwhelming, popularized industry. Prior to Babe, fans were faithful to specific groups, however Babe changed the essence of baseball, making the fans more player-loyal.Apart from the huge increment in the prevalence of baseball during the 1920s, Babe Ruth was amazingly compelling in how the game is presently. Paul Gallico, a games author, stated, â€Å"In times past we had been keen on and energized by prize warriors and baseball players, however we have never been so independently included or participated in such a mass overflowing of love as we accomplished for Ruth† (Rader 179). In addition to the fact that Babe changed the focal point of t he observers to the individual players from the group, he set another standard in the sum that players ought to hope to be paid.Christy Walsh became Babe’s abstract operator and â€Å"†¦ as Ruth’s ‘literary agent’ he expanded Ruth’s composing pay from $500 to $15000 in the first year† (Rader 181). Most players made under $10000 a year playing proficient baseball. When Babe was at his most noteworthy point, he was making near $3 million from playing and outside undertakings identifying with baseball (Rader 181). Other than the sum that he was paid and how America revered him, Babe Ruth without a doubt changed the historical backdrop of baseball always by making the grand slam a typical element of the game.Before Babe, homers were not normal, particularly out-of-the-recreation center homers. Outfielders played shallow, which caused inside-the-recreation center grand slams more habitually than seen today (Rader131). Angel Ruth broke that ty picality by hitting out-of-the-recreation center grand slams like nobody had ever observed previously. Baseball was perpetually impacted by the aptitude, worship, and compensation of Babe Ruth. There is no denying that baseball has for quite some time been considered America’s hobby, yet it was not generally like that. The game developed tremendously during the 1920s and transformed into the baseball that is around today. One recognizing and significant nature of baseball was the (anyway much the game did, without a doubt, take after games played in numerous spots for centuries) it was accepted to be verifiably and solely American† (Mandell 180). Growing up with guardians that were effectively associated with games all through their immature life, sports were a huge piece of my and my brothers’ lives. Beginning at age six I started playing tee-ball and from that point moved onto softball, while my siblings did likewise, with the exception of moved onto Little Lea gue.The ubiquity of expert baseball was apparent even in tee-ball and Little League by having the groups named after the expert groups. Clearly the notoriety during the 1920s proceed into current baseball, by the developing number of fans, however how proficient baseball has influenced the beginner level of baseball. Work Cited Heaphy, Leslie A. The Negro Leagues 1869-1960. first . Jefferson: McFarland&Company Inc. , Publishers, 2003. Print. Mandell, Richard D. Sports A Cultural History. first . New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. Print

Answer the question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Answer the inquiry - Assignment Example t for different purposes, the aspect of data protection has risen as a basic worry to use most extreme advantages out of this one of a kind mechanical advancement for example the web. A fundamental moral discussion has spread wherein various pundits and clients have raised questions whether they can utilize the mechanism of the web to share their own data or not. The more extensive reach of the web in such manner has been going about as the key concerning factor because of which certain areas of poorly disapproved of individuals have focused on the online medium to pick up and control individual data. The investigation means to fundamentally examine that notwithstanding an apex pretended by the web in day by day lives of people, a significant moral discussion on data protection has raised. The manner by which this moral discussion has raised related with the utilization of the web will be featured in the investigation. As per Temmel and et. al. (n.d.), innovation has impacted the advanced existence of individuals. During day by day life, people are managing a few electronic gadgets and procedures. Particularly, the web has risen as one of the most progressive advancements of science and innovation, which has encouraged the cutting edge civilisation to walk towards an increasingly clear future. Consequently, it very well may be obviously attested that the web can likewise impact our way of life in the two different ways, for example, great and awful perspectives (Temmel and et. al., n. d.). As indicated by the perception, it has been resolved that the effect of the web has changed the part of present day life gigantically. So as to quantify the upsides of the web it tends to be featured that the web has conveyed a few offices to the people, which have not been ever-expected by mankind previously. Because of gigantic mechanical headway, individuals can get to the web from their home for individual necessity and furthermore can utilize the web from work environment for proficient employments. Because of the accessibility of the

How does one write a first post

How does one write a first post So, let me tell you a story. Once upon a time there was a man who was tasked with writing an introductory blog. He spent months trying to come up with the perfect thing to write. Something that would garner nothing but praise and applause. Something that would ring through the halls of eternity and create a legendâ€"a legend that people would whisper about across the shores of Valhalla. Then, after writing a slew of blogsâ€"drafts that never made it past the first sentence and exist in a folder on his desktop called “Graveyard of the Forsaken”, the hero realized that the initial goal was a tad ambitious if not dramatic. With this revelation in mind, he did what anyone in his position would do: he spent hours on YouTube until eventually moving on to another project. Months went by until one day a message appeared from the aether that read, “You should blog. Now is the time. Signed, Petey of the Blogs.” With the passage of time, this man had not only grown older but had gained a newfound wisdom. The message cast down by Petey of the Blogs had been a sign a sign that it was time for our hero to venture out and slay that which had haunted him since he’d first stepped foot on this new land. With renewed vigor in his heart and determination in his spirit, the hero set out on his quest. As the hero approached his foe, the earth shifted beneath him and the winds and trees began to stir. The only thing that propelled him forward were the words of bloggers past and present, guiding his every footstep. “The time is now,” they whispered. And, with a single deep breath, the hero gathered all of the remaining nerve that coursed through his soul and proceeded to…well…post a blog? And, thats it. I think we all learned something today. Oh, my name is Kellen and I work in the communications wing of the MIT Admissions Office. Post Tagged #story time #they might not let me write another blog

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Hamlet And Laertes - A Revenge Tragedy - 1248 Words

Hamlet and Laertes – A Revenge Tragedy Everyone’s personality can be changed through encountering different situations. In Hamlet, playwright William Shakespeare presents two characters, Hamlet and Laertes, who love their fathers, King Hamlet and Polonius respectively. Once their fathers are murdered, Hamlet and Laertes become mentally insane committed acts of reprisal. In particular, Hamlet wants to kill Claudius and Laertes wants to kill Hamlet. While Hamlet and Laertes share similar experiences when avenging their fathers’ death, they seek vengeance in a disparate manner. The reason they wanted to revenge their father, the way they seek revenge, and the flaws they developed when revenging their father are dissimilar. Hamlet and Laertes both lose their father in a similar manner, but the purpose for their revenge is different. Hamlet wants revenge because he loves his father. After King Hamlet dies, Hamlet is extremely depressed and says he would commit suicide if â€Å"Everlasting had not fixedHis canon gainst self-slaughter! †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.2.131-132). For Hamlet to be so devastated that he would take his own life, shows that Hamlet clearly loves his father. When he meets the ghost that looks like King Hamlet, Hamlet learns that his dad is actually murdered by Claudius. As a result, Hamlet promises to seek revenge by saying, †thoughts of love,/ May sweep to my revenge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.5.30-31), explicitly conveying that he is taking revenge for the love of his father. On the other hand,Show MoreRelatedHamlet : A Classic Revenge Tragedy1103 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is not like any tragedy. Hamlet is a classic revenge tragedy. All the revenge tragedies were popular in England during the late 16th and early 17th. 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The Driving points that shapesRead MoreThe Characters Of Foils In William Shakespeares Hamlet860 Words   |  4 Pages Foils In Hamlet   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In fiction, a foil is a character whom contrasts with another character in the story, typically the protagonist. The foil is able to highlight certain aspects of their opposing character. A foil can differ dramatically or be extremely similar but tends to have key qualities that distinguish the two apart from each other. When an author uses a foil in literature they are emphasizing not only strengths and weaknesses the main character poses, but also understanding the obviousRead MoreThe Role Of Revenge Tragedy In Hamlet1020 Words   |  5 Pageswhole world blind is a common saying for revenge. Like Shakespeare he based most of his tragedies based on: betrayal, death, lies, and revenge, and they can be view throughout the whole play Hamlet. In the tragedy Hamlet, Shakespeare utilizes Hamlet’s character as a major role in the development of a revenge tragedy by his loss of morality, individuality, and madness throughout the play, further clarifying that indeed H amlet is a revenge tragedy. Although Hamlet is not the only Shakespearean play thatRead MoreRevenge Is An Act Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1066 Words   |  5 PagesRevenge Does Not Prevail Revenge is an act that is taken when others believe that there has been a wrongdoing to someone or something they have a relationship with. Countless people seek revenge everyday throughout the world, but Confucius once said that â€Å"before you embark on a journey of renege, dig two graves.† This quote relates to the plot of a well-known play by Shakespeare, Hamlet. This play revolves around a monarchy in Denmark in the early 17th century where there is much chaos. 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Pestel Free Essays

Pestel P2: The pestel framework: The PESTEL framework categorises environmental influences into six main types: political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal. Why you are using it: Thus it provides a clear list of influences on the possible success or failure of particular strategies apple uses or will use. Analyse how the pestel factors that may affect company: Political factors look at government policies, taxation changes, foreign trade regulations, political risk in foreign markets and changes in trade blocks (EU). We will write a custom essay sample on Pestel or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case Apple†¦(article or) Economic factors look at business cycle and GDP trends, interest rates , unemployment rates, disposable income and exchange rates. In this case Apple.. (article or ) Socio cultural factors look at population changes, lifestyle changes, changes in tastes and fashion and culture. In this case Apple†¦(article or) Technological factors look at new discoveries and technology developments, ICT innovations, Rates of obsolescence and Increased spending on RD. in this case Apple.. article or) iTunes 11 remains much the same as it has always been – bar some radical new design and front-end improvements. The visual redesign is obvious, with music selection laid out in a more logical manner. One of the few new features to be implemented in the update is the inclusion of the Miniplayer which, instead of being a mode within the application, appears in a completely new window. Another simple, yet helpful, addition is the inclusion of buttons which a llow users to switch between the iTunes store and back to the library. However, Apple has made some good technological developments especially with their current Iphone5. It is half an inch bigger (4-inches), lighter (112g) and has a more powerful A6 chip than the previous. Siri (voice control software) has been updated so users can ask it to recommend films and restaurants and update their Facebook accounts verbally. The 4G network offers speeds up to five times faster than 3G. This will allow uninterrupted access to the web on the go, high definition films to be downloaded in minutes and TV to be streamed without buffering. The Camera includes a Panorama function: sweep phone sideways and software stitches images together. Finally a new software feature is a much whizzier Maps app which includes photo-realistic 3D cityscapes for some areas. Environmental (green) factors look at environmental protection regulations, energy consumption, global warming, waste disposal and re-cycling. In this case Apple†¦(article or) A Chinese environmental group singled out Apple for criticism in 2011, accusing the company’s Chinese suppliers of discharging polluted waste and toxic metals into surrounding communities and threatening public health. Factories that the group suspected were Apple suppliers often â€Å"fail to properly dispose of hazardous waste† and that 27 of the suppliers had been found to have environmental problems. Also in 2011, 137 workers at a Chinese factory near the city of Suzhou had been seriously injured by a toxic chemical used in making the signature slick glass screens of the iPhone. In 2010 one of Apple’s biggest suppliers was hit by a wave of worker suicides at several of its mainland Chinese facilities. Also, in May, two people were killed and more than a dozen were injured in Chengdu city, in southwest China due to an explosion and fire at a plant that made Apple products. Legal factors look at competition laws, health and safety laws, employment laws, licensing laws and IPR laws. In this case Apple.. (article or) Apple Inc. of the U. S. and Samsung Electronics Co. of South Korea are embroiled in legal battles in 10 nations over intellectual property, spanning dozens of cases. Here are details of some of the bigger legal fights: In the U. S. , Apple scored a major victory on Aug. 4 2012 when a jury found Samsung had â€Å"willfully† copied Apple’s iPhone and iPad, and awarded Apple $1 billion in damages. Apple is now requesting eight Samsung products be banned from the U. S. market. A hearing was rescheduled for Dec. 6. April 15, 2011 –In south Korea, Apple files a patent suit against Samsung claiming that it had copied the â€Å"look and feel† of iPhone , iPod Touch and iPad for its Galaxy smartphones and tabs. Apple lays out a total of 16 claims covering software and hardware. However, the court on Aug. 24 2012 dismissed Apple’s claim that Samsung copied the look and feel of the iPhone and the iPad. Still, the judges issued bans on some Samsung and Apple products. It found that Apple illegally used Samsung’s wireless technology while Samsung violated Apple’s patent related to the way mobile devices notify users when an image reaches to the end. In Japan, the Tokyo District Court denied Apple’s claim on Aug. 31 2012 that Samsung infringed upon Apple’s patent to have mobile devices and personal computers â€Å"synchronize† or share data with each other. Other cases in Japan are still pending. P9 Summarise key implications of the pestel analysis (e. g. threats/opportunities): SWOT How to cite Pestel, Essay examples

Marijuana, Users, & What You Lose Essays - Entheogens, Cannabis

Marijuana, Users, & What You Lose The topic of marijuana use is very broad and has an intricate effect on society as a whole, however, for the purpose of this paper; the literature review is based on facts covering a brief overview of the existence, use, and effect of marijuana. The history of the Cannabis plant and the outcomes associated with the use and abuse of marijuana is the major focus of this paper. What Is Marijuana? Marijuana is a drug obtained from dried and crumpled parts of the hemp plant Cannabis. Cannabis is botanically classified as a member of the family Cannabaceae and the genus Cannabis. There are 3 known species of Cannabis: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. (Lorimer 214) Cannabis sativa is a tall plant, generally between 8 and 12 feet. The leaves have long thin fingers and are light green. The more equatorial varieties have more yellow pigments to protect the plant from intense light. Sativa seed pods are long and thin and turn red as they mature in a warm environment. In cooler environments, the buds may be slightly purple. Sativa plants smell sweet and fruity and the smoke is generally quite mild. (Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia) For thousands of years, the plant cannabis sativa, otherwise known as hemp or marijuana, has been harvested by people and utilized in many different ways. It has been grown to provide food for villages and towns, and used for clothes, rope, and sails on early ships. The Bible was written on hemp paper, as well as the first draft of the US Constitution. (House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, Ninth Report 1998) Marijuana is known by a variety of names such as kif (Morocco), dagga (South Africa), and bhang (India). Common in the United States, marijuana is called pot, grass, weed, Mary Jane, bones, etc. (Lorimer 214) The plant contains THC, which gives smokers the psychic effects they seek. The leaves of this plant are smoked but the most highly prized part of the plant is the top, smoked by rolling inside tobacco paper or placing in a pipe. (Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia) It is consumed worldwide by an estimated 200,000,000 persons for pleasure, an escape from re ality, or relaxation. (Berger) The use of marijuana is widespread by all classes, races, and cultures. (Smith) The first definite record of the marijuana plant in the New World dates from 1545 AD, when the Spaniards introduced it into Chile. It has been suggested, however, that African slaves familiar with marijuana as an intoxicant and medicine brought the seeds with them to Brazil even earlier in the sixteenth century. (Lorimer 215) There are no records that the Pilgrims brought marijuana with them to Plymouth, but the Native Americans introduced the Pilgrims to tobacco and other forms of drugs such as Marijuana. The Jamestown settlers did bring the plant to Virginia in 1611, and cultivated it for its fiber, the hemp, which was used to make rope. (Erriod's Cannabis Vault) Marijuana was introduced into New England in 1629 and from then until after the Civil War, the marijuana plant was a major crop in North America. The Marijuana Plant played an important role in both colonial and national economic policy. In 1762, Virginia awarded bounties for hemp culture and manufacture, and imposed penalties upon those who did not produce it. George Washington was growing hemp at Mount Vernon three years later, presumably for its fiber. The fact has been argued that Washington was also concerned to increase the medicinal or intoxicating potency of his marijuana plants. The argument depends on a curious tradition, which may or may not be sound, that the quality or quantity of marijuana resin (hashish) is enhanced if the male and female plants are separated before the females are pollinated. There can be no doubt that Washington separated the males from the females. Two entries in his diary supply the evidence: May 12-13, 1765: Sowed Hemp at Muddy hole by Swamp. (Andrews 34) August 7, 1765: `-began to separate the Male from the Female Hemp Do-rather too late. (Andrews 34) Washington's August 7 diary entry clea rly indicates that he was cultivating the plant for medicinal purposes as well for it's fiber.

Difference Between Two Generation essays

Difference Between Two Generation essays If we take a look at the younger generation and the older generation you can see that there are many differences, or what is commonly called the generation gap. As a result of this generation gap; the relationship between both generations can be different. There are people who care deeply for the older generation; and the older generation does not care for them in return. Then there are people who have no respect for the older generation; yet still the older generation calls about them. Out visiting and Back Home, I Wanna Live demonstrates there types of relationships. In the story Out visiting and Back Home focuses on the relationship of how an old man does not care for his great grand children, yet the great grand children care for him. They would clean his house, take care of his Laundry, bring him news papers, and also make his meals(Dragunsky 3). The old mans life has become miserable, his career has ended and he is living his life with old memories of his son and wife. Because of his old age and condition, he has become senile and despise his grand children because they are off spring of his son who could not amount to anything like him self. He reminisces of his past life and first love and then thinks that if he would have married her then he would have had a better son whose intern would have produced bitter grand children. If hed married Tanya, he wouldnt have caused her to go to her grave because of restaurants, betrayals, and bac blood between them. He would have loved her. Cherished and protected her. The son they produced w ould have been good, strong, and smart. He would have respected his father, yet been an independent person. And the grand children would have been healthy and happy, not like these sourpusses (Dragunsky 16-17). The story I wanna live describes the differences betw ...

Inciting Incident 101 Definition and Expert Tips (With Real Examples!)

Inciting Incident 101 Definition and Expert Tips (With Real Examples!) What Is An Inciting Incident? Definition, Mythbusting, and Examples The inciting incident: a vitally important yet wickedly confusing element of any story. Time after time, readers and writers alike have wondered: What does it do? When does it occur? And how do you know if you’ve written a good one†¦ or if you have one at all?There’s a great deal of uncertainty surrounding inciting incidents - specifically, how they work within the context of a full narrative arc. So without further ado, here’s your all-inclusive guide to the elusive inciting incident: what it is, how it’s used, and tips on constructing your own. Inciting incidents: what they are, where to put them, and how to create your own What Is An Inciting Incident?The inciting incident is the narrative event that launches the main action. It typically occurs within the first act of the story and means something significant for the main character, most likely impacting their entire life. It should also fully engage the reader with the story, serving as an indicator of what’s to come.That being said, there are a few very common misconceptions surrounding inciting incidents - so let’s do a bit of mythbusting.Myth #1: The inciting incident is always the first thing to happen.You’ll recognize the inciting incident as the event that triggers the primary action, rather than simply the first event to occur. There may be some backstory or buildup before this, such as a conversation or scene leading up to it - but that doesn’t change its role in the story!Myth #2: The inciting incident is exactly the same as the â€Å"hook.† The hook is a dramatic description or scene that first catches t he reader’s attention. The inciting incident catalyzes the plot and solidifies that attention. Sometimes they overlap, but the incident tends to require more exposition than a hook - so don’t start thinking they’re synonymous.Myth #3: The inciting incident raises more questions than it answers.As a matter of fact, the inciting incident usually involves some kind of newfound clarity or realization for the main character. It does create some questions, but its main purpose is to give the main character a distinctive path to follow, rather than muddling it.Some of these ambiguities can definitely be confusing. Fortunately, we have plenty of examples on hand to show what we’re talking about. Here are five famous inciting incidents to illustrate how they function in a story. Reedsy mythbusting: 3 common misconceptions about inciting incidents #getthefacts Inciting Incident Examples1. Hagrid telling Harry he’s a wizard"Harry - yer a wizard." "A what?" gasped Harry. "A wizard, o' course," said Hagrid, sitting back down on the sofa, which groaned and sank even lower, "an' a thumpin' good'un, I'd say, once yeh've been trained up a bit.†- Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone,  p. 39One of the most famed catalysts (and indeed best moments) in all of literature is Hagrid revealing to Harry Potter that he’s a wizard. Suddenly, all the strange occurrences leading up to this scene make sense: Harry somehow getting up onto his school roof, making the glass disappear at the zoo, and of course, his uncle’s refusal to let him read any of his letters.This incident perfectly exemplifies the features outlined above: it completely absorbs the reader, sets the main plot in motion, and involves a pretty major revelation for Harry. While some might argue that elements of the buildup - such as Harry receiving his fir st letter - could be called â€Å"inciting incidents,† this is the scene where Harry truly begins his journey.What's the inciting incident in your story? Share it with us in the comments!

ANALYSING A SPREADSHEET AND PRESENTING A BUSINESS REPORT Case Study

ANALYSING A SPREADSHEET AND PRESENTING A BUSINESS REPORT - Case Study Example From the reference data provided by the business, there are 4 types of fruit juices that are available for sale. Each type of juice has two variances in size, one in 375ml and another in 750ml. According to the sales calculations presented in the spreadsheet charts, the fruit juices differ in the number of sales they attract. The variance could be mainly due to, popularity of a type of fruit juice among buyers or the price per carton for each. However, various factors may apply depending on the market of operation for the business. By comparing the pivot table charts against the sales calculations over the five weeks, orange and mandarin are seen to have higher sales. As the weeks progress, sales for the two types of fruit juices are seen to project further than the other two. This shows that mobile app based marketing was more acceptable as compared to emails and or texts. Unlike the emails or texts, the mobile apps presented more benefits to the retailers buying the fruit juices. That is, a retailer would be able to plan a reminder, place an order and track customer orders right from their smartphones. Emails and texts, on the other hand, would only serve the purpose of acting as reminders. If not spread out proportionally, the emails and text messages would easily become nagging and stubborn to the retail buyers. From the charts, the buyers would prefer being reminded through a smartphone mobile app. In the fourth week marketing strategy, a two-for-one strategy was introduced on mandarin fruit juice. From the pivot table, the sales for the mandarin fruit juice are seen to consistently increase from the second week: Little change is seen on the sales at the fourth or fifth week. A further look at the sales for mandarin juice reveals that, though the product made more sales that apple and grapefruit juice, it was selling below par. That is, the two-for-one policy did not impact the sales upwards as would be expected. Reason

America in 1920s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

America in 1920s - Essay Example In the track of World War One, American men tussled to hoard their realm and woman wrestled to triumph the spot on to take part in an election. Near the conclusion of the First World War America was viewed as the mainly influential and affluent state in the world. During the 1920s the United States' cutback was roaring with hit and rising wealth, in which a huge pact of Americans, although surely not everyone, collectively. This epoch was too identified as the 'roaring twenties. By a copious contribute of raw resources (e.g. oil and coal) and the strategy of separation and repression in place; America rapidly becomes yet extra dominant and richer. America had large area variety, with every district contributing a bit diverse to the financial system. Into Metropolis at hand were fine waged career so folks who existed in city profited since the improved salaried work. Beside amid the goal of a state in the 1920's, at hand was as well frustration. America experienced the immense stash market collides that left a lot of Americans impoverished. This dissatisfaction in America was too what directed to the country's misery (Kallen (2002), p. 28). The melancholy instigates in 1929 and final for almost a decade. Millions of individuals lost their occupations beside with lots of industry going broke. The inequity of funds is what shaped such a wobbly economy. The stock market's undertaking a lot poorer than populace attention in this age. This condition leads to the largest stock market hurtle in our account. Cost attained a point that citizens by no means imagined. At one face whilst the market was deafening in September 1929 forty percent of stock market values were clean air. This supposed that financiers thinking that the stock market would set off up since it have been going up. Ku Klux Klan's existence paved the way for extensive fame during the 1920's. The KKK pleased the mainstream of white conventional America of any accountability for the inadequacy of the social order. It as well presented them a sagacity of refuge by shaping a hefty treaty in opposition to minorities (Smith (2002), p. 106). The 1920's where a point in time of conservatism, it was a period of immense communal modification. As of the world of fashion to the world to politics, forces collide to manufacture the mainly volatile decade of the century. The eighteenth Amendment was approved in 1920, which finished alcohol unlawful. It was named the Prohibition Amendment. This was recognized as the "Noble Experiment". All in history contributes to what a country is today and that is what we call contribution to culture, a way of life. The way we are today can be explained of what we experienced from the past. As a consequence, a lot of non-traditional tendency embark on to emerge in the lives of the youthful liberals in the 1920's. Women set in train to sense extra sexually unconventional and comprehend that they also had desires apart from only breathing to house their male equivalent. Many women also obtain up smoking, a commotion beforehand hand over wholly to men. In addition, progressively, women chase careers outside of their homes. The tempo of separation mounted. The young age band had closed living their lives according to customary culture, principles and had slot in their individual sets of needs, ambitions, and principles by which to exist as an alternative. The 1920's has really contributed greatly in the present

Errors And Failures During Oil Well Drilling Engineering Essay

Errors And Failures During Oil Well Drilling Engineering Essay This paper provides a general overview of errors and failures during drilling and tripping operations in the oil industry. The overview is presented in a tabular format for quick and easy reference. The work makes a clear distinction between errors and failures and how errors may possibly lead to drilling failures. A classification of drilling failures with their signs and symptoms as well as the possible causes of these failures is included in the overview. The overview may help during a thorough audit of failures that are encountered during a drilling operation. Developing a list of possible failures during drilling with a description of basic observatory signs and symptoms of their occurrence is the crucial first step in minimizing Non Productive Time (NPT) during drilling operations. Keywords: Drilling, Error, Failure, Tripping 1. Introduction The oil industry is unarguably one of the most complicated industries which face so many challenges yet functions as efficiently as possible. This assertion is true because the primary object of interest to the petroleum engineer cum the industry is located thousands of feet beneath the earths surface. This is accompanied by varying conditions of temperature and pressure as well as other geological factors. A combination of these factors makes the subject of understanding the process of getting at the object of interest complex to drilling engineers. The elusive nature of this understanding makes drilling operations encounter failures. These failures range from drill tool/equipment breakdown, wellbore or formation collapse, lost circulation, kicks and blowouts. Suffice it to say that these failures cost the industry valuable drilling time running into billions of dollars annually. It is against this background that this work on drilling failures is looked into. The primary focus of this work therefore is to improve the drilling process, by designing a good approach to identify all possible failures, how and when they occur, and most importantly their root causes. This would be done from a taxonomic perspective. This would involve classifying failures in the industry in their natural groups and isolating their possible causes, the key indicators to such failures as well as the errors leading to the failures. 2. Reported Cases of Failures in the Oil Industry To put the cases of failure in the right perspective, it is necessary to first define failure and error as it applies to oil well drilling operations. Schlumberger (2012) in their oil field glossary webpage defines failure in drilling as: Failure to meet the defined drilling objective. Deviation in the expected TD depth /run length Deviation in the expected performance (penetration rates, directional, power use) Error as defined by Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, is a mistake especially one that causes problems or affects the result of something. In todays error classification systems, error can mean several things: Error as the cause of failure. For example: This event was due to human error. Classifications rely on this definition when seeking the cause of operator error in, for instance, a supervisors failure to provide guidance (Shappell Wiegman, 2001.). Error as the failure itself. For example: The operators decision was an error (e.g. Helmreich, 2000). Classifications rely on this definition when categorizing the kinds of observable errors operators can make (e.g. decision errors, perceptual errors, skill-based errors) (Shappell Wiegmann, 2001). Error as a process, or, more specifically, as a departure from some kind of standard. This standard may consist of operating procedures. Violations, whether exceptional or routine (Shappell Wiegmann, 2001), or intentional or unintentional (Helmreich, 2000), is one example of error according to the process definition. Depending on what we use as standard, we of course come to different conclusions about what is an error. Based on the above definitions, the following are the reported cases of failures in the oil industry. The most recent case is the Gulf of Mexico oil disaster in 2010. Though the immediate and remote causes of the incident still remains a subject of controversy, the fact remains that the incident makes the subject of failures in the oil industry a relevant one. Shokir (2004) listed the following actual failure cases that occurred in Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO) in Gulf of Suez area and Western Desert area. These are cases 1 to 5. Case #1 This development well drilled in the Western Desert Concession in the onshore Abul-Gharadig area in 1991. Egyptian drilling company Rig No.8 (EDC-8) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 10,616 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 10,503 ft to 10,616 (TD) through the Limestone of Abu Roash formation with rotary bottom hole assembly and water base mud, lost 350 psi. When pulling out of hole, washout in Shock Sub was detected Case #2 This development well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the offshore Ramadan area in 1993. Pyramid drilling Rig (Bennevis) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 12,504 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 10,805 ft to 10,823 through the Shale and Limestone of Mheiherrat formation with rotary bottom hole assembly and water base mud, lost 300 psi. Pull out of hole, found vertical crack in the top joint of heavy weight drill pipe. Case #3 This development well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the offshore Hilal area in 1993. Sonat Offshore drilling Rig (Mercury) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 10,267 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 8,747 ft to 8,961 through the Limestone of Rudeis formation with rotary bottom hole assembly- and water base mud, lost 600 psi. Pull out of hole, found hole in the drill pipe near the surface. Case #4 This development well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the offshore October area in 1995. Sonat Offshore drilling Rig (Comet) was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 16,080 ft. While drilling 12.25-inch hole from 10,035 ft to 10,239 through the Anhydrite of South Gharib formation with rotary bottom hole assembly and oil base mud, lost 300 psi. Pull out of hole, found the short drill collar cleaned smooth cut 0.3 ft from the boxfish neck area. Case #5 This Exploratory well drilled in the Gulf Of Suez Concession in the offshore Badri area in 1995. Santa Fe International Rig No.124 was used to drill this well to a total depth (TD) of 12,480 ft. While drilling 12.25 inch hole from 12,417 ft to 12,480 through the Salt with Shale, Limestone and Sand Streaks of Ayun Musa formation with rotary bottom hole assembly and water base mud, had very hard back ream and very high torque, pump pressure dropped 1200 psi. Pull out of hole; found the drill string backed off at the short drill collar. CASE # 6 Horbeek et.al (1995), in their work cited Shell Expros effort in 1991 to tackle drillstring failures in their operations. This they did by carrying out autopsies. The autopsies confirmed what they had long been suspected: fatigue particularly BHA connection fatigue was the main cause of failure. Table1 briefly summarizes the autopsies carried out from 27/5/1992-1994. Failures in the BHA accounted for 79%, whilst drillpipe accounted for 21%of the total failures for this period. BHA connection fatigue alone accounted for 58% of the BHA failures and was attributed to poor inspection criteria, poor drilling practices and lack of stress relief features. Other learning points from the autopsies were: Majority of failures, 46%, occurred in the 12 1/4 hole section. Greater attention should be paid to rig torque gauge calibration; MWD shock logs can warn of impending drillstring failure. New drillstring components were not being specified to Shell specifications. Use of stabbing guide will reduce failures associated with connection damage. Avoid slip cutting drillpipe. Improved pipe identification system needed. Once a downhole pressure loss is established POOH immediately. From interviews they carried out during the autopsy process it quickly became clear that a general lack of understanding of cause, effect and cost of fatigue failures existed. The failures are summarized in the Table 1. Table 1: DRILLSTRING FAILURE AUTOPSIES 1992-1994 (Horbeek et al, 1995) DATE FAILURE ROOT CAUSE 27/05/92 Twist off at HDIS BHA connection fatigue 23/07/92 Twist off at crossover BHA connection fatigue 24/07/92 Twist off at MWD crossover BHA connection fatigue 02/11/92 Twist off at stabilizer Combination torsion/tension overload 05/11/92 Twist off at MWD Tensile overload 21/11/92 Washout at crossover BHA connection fatigue 22/11/92 Cracked mud saver sub Overtorque of new connection 26/11/92 Twist off at MWD BHA connection fatigue 08/12/92 Twist off at HWDP Accidental over-torque by top drive 02/01/93 Twist off at jars Tension/torsion overload 19/02/93 Twist off at bit sub BHA connection fatigue 24/02/93 Washout at HWDP Connection damage/bad handling 12/03/93 Twist off at shock sub Connection fatigue 19/03/93 Washout at HWDP Shoulder seal damage/bad handling 21/03/93 Washout at jars BHA connection fatigue 04/04/93 Washout at crossover BHA connection fatigue 10/08/93 Twist off at jar -intensifier BHA connection fatigue 20/08/93 Twist off at jars Insufficient hole cleaning 05/10/93 Twist off at mud motor BHA connection fatigue 23/10/93 Twist off at hole opener Poor hard banding application inspection 08/11/93 Washout at drillpipe connection Tool joint connection fatigue 24/11/93 4 washouts from split boxes DCs and HWDP Age condition of equipment 24/11/93 Washout at drillpipe connection Overtorqued connection DATE FAILURE ROOT CAUSE 02/12/93 Twist off at drill collar Torsion/tension overload when stuck 02/12/93 Twist off at jars BHA connection failure 03/01/94 Washout in HDIS Fatigue and vibration 05/01/94 Washout in drillpipe Fatigue and vibration 09/01/94 Washout in drill collar Fatigue and vibration 11/01/94 Washout in drill collar Fatigue and vibration 14/02/94 Washout in HWDP Age and condition 11/03/94 Washout in drillpipe Slip cuts 09/05/94 3washout in drillpipe Stabbing damage 28/06/94 Twist off NM drillpipe Stress corrosion cracking 23/08/94 Twist off SHWDP Brittle failure 23/08/94 Twist off in drillpipe Drillpipe tube fatigue 07/11/94 Twist off NB stabilizer Fatique/vibration 04/12/94 Drillpipe parted Tensile strength exceeded 04/12/94 Washout in jars Fatigue 3. Errors Contributing to Drilling Failure The error leading to a drilling or tripping failure may be caused by the abnormal state of either the formation being drilled, the wellbore itself or the equipment used in the drilling or tripping operation or caused by other external factors. It must be stated here that these errors may be attributed to either human, manufacturing or mechanical errors. Human Error Here are just a few generic definitions for human error: An inappropriate or undesirable human decision or behavior that reduces, or has the potential for reducing, effectiveness, safety, or system performance An action that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits An action whose result was not desired by a set of rules or an external observer To put things into context, there are three primary stages of cognition (planning, storage, and execution), which relate to the three error types (mistakes, slips, and lapses). The three human error types are: Mistakes: Mistakes occur when an intended outcome is not achieved even though there was adherence to the steps in the plan. This is usually a case in which the original plan was wrong, was followed, and resulted in an unintended outcome. Lapses. Lapses are associated with our memories (e.g., lapses of memory, senior moments, etc.). These are generally not observable events. Slips. Slips are generally externalized, observable actions that are not in accordance with a plan. These are often referred to as Freudian slips, in which a person may be thinking something but inadvertently says it so that someone else can hear it. Slips are most often associated with the execution phase of cognition. Manufacturing Error Variation caused by the manufacturing process that affects the size of the part. Manufacturing error is part of measurement value. From a design perspective the engineer or designer produces a piece of equipment or a system with intentions to function in a certain way. When it doesnt function that way (it breaks, catches on fire, messes up its output or is befallen of some other mishap) they try to find the root cause. Typically the cause can be identified as a: Design deficiency when the mechanical, electrical or other components of the design has a problem that caused the mishap Manufacturing defect when the material or assembly has an issue that causes it to fail Environmental hazard when an outside factor such as the weather causes the hazardous condition Mechanical Error Mechanical error is a deviation from correctness in computer-processed data, caused by equipment failure. This error can often be attributed to a range of different problems on both the manufacturer and the user side, as well as to the unpredictable forces of chance. When equipment malfunctions or falls short of its intended purpose, it may cause delays and lost funds. In rare cases, however, the results can be catastrophic. Serious injuries, loss of life and long-term negative repercussions can emerge from the failure of a seemingly innocuous industrial component. Such events may emphasize the importance of manufacturing standards and safety considerations, or highlight certain industrial concerns that influence the outcome of a project. These errors are related to drilling operations as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Errors during drilling tripping operations ERROR WHERE ERROR IS LOCATED SOURCE OF ERROR POSSIBLE CAUSE OF ERROR CONTRIBUTING FACTORS LEADING TO FAILURE Abnormal state of an Entity Formation Fractured faulted formations Natural fracture, geological fault, cavernous formation, permeable formation Human /Mechanical Errors Tectonically stressed formations Stressed formation Abnormal pore pressure Under compaction of shales Reactive formation Dissolving limestone, reactive shale Mobile formation Drilling salt fomations Unconsolidated formation Poor sediment cementation Naturally over pressured shale collapse Under compaction of shales Wellbore Material accumulation in the wellbore Cuttings accumulation,cavings accumulation Human/Mechanical Errors High hydrostatic wellbore pressure High pore pressure Low hydrostatic wellbore pressure Low pore pressure Crooked wellbore Doglegs, keyseat Equipment Hardware error Age of equipment, design errors Human Error, Mechanical Mechanical Errors Software error Limited knowledge of software by drilling crew members, typo errors Technical error Lack of technical know-how by drilling personnel 4. General Classification of Drilling Failures The classification of drilling failures in this paper is broadly categorized into three namely: equipment failure, wellbore failure and then formation failure. Table 3 lists these failures and their potential causes. Table 3: Summary of drilling and tripping failures, causes Errors Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type EQUIPMENT FAILURE Failure class Failure sub class Drillstem failure Failure to acquire evaluation data, high torque drag Shocks vibrations Drillstem design Manufacturing error Drill pipe washouts Loss of hydrostatic pressure, Low SPP Deviated holes and doglegs, corrosive mud or gases,CO2 H2O in mud Running drill pipe in compression, in-correct make up torque of tool joints Human/operator error Drillpipe corrosion Contaminants in drilling fluids O2 in drilling fluids Human error Drillpipe fatigue Pipe leakage High cyclic loads Shallow doglegs in conjunction with high tension and slow penetration rates H2S CO2 in mud Drillstring buckling Compressive load in pipe exceeds a critical value Cracked pipes Sudden drop in pressure Over torqued threads Swelled or mushroomed box end shoulders,pin connection breaks When enough torque is not applied at the table When enough torque is not applied at the table Human error Pipe twist Torque exceeding pipes ultimate shear strength Pipe parting Ultimate tensile strength exceeded Galling Metal to metal contact b/w the pin box threads, stabbing Human error Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type EQUIPMENT FAILURE CONTD. Failure class Failure sub class Casing failure Thermal failure High temperature during steam injection Sulphide stress corrosion cracking failure Stress corrosion by H2O H2,high strength steels Poor design of steels Manufacturing error External corrosion failure Exposure of casing to wet air and/or saline fluids Human error Helical buckling failure axial load and compressive forces exceeds the casings load carrying strength Casing collapse fail BHA hangs up when RIH, Calliper log shows collapsed casing high external formation pressure Centralizer failure Inefficient mud displacement Under-reamed wells, using an incorrect unit for the job Using an incorrect unit for the job Human error Mud motor failure Mud motor stalling A sudden severe increase in SPP , ROP ceases operating parameters exceeding the capability of the motor Motor Failure during reaming extended reaming operations Motor Failure during tripping key seats, ledges Motor failure due to downhole temperatures downhole temperatures increase beyond 225Â ° F FORMATION RELATED FAILURE Lost circulation Induced fracture LC Volume of mud in mud pit reduces High mud density, ,increase in annular pressure Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type Failure class Failure sub class FORMATION RELATED FAILURE CONTD Lost circulation contd Natural fracture LC Volume of mud in mud pit reduces Natural fractures, high permeability formations, cracks,vugs, fissures Incorrect estimation of annular pressures Human error Kicks High pore pressure kick Geo-pressured formations Operational related kick Swab Surge during tripping Inefficient ROP Formation related Low ROP Cuttings accummulation Operational related Low ROP Low WOB,Bit balling WELLBORE FAILURE Wellbore wall related Cementing failure Stress cracking Appears as no cement on bond logs stress changes caused by casing expansion Gas migration un-cemented channel, low overbalance pressure before and during cementing Cement shrinkage Cement cracks Exposure to air of low humidity Micro annulus Inter zonal Communications, Well Leakage Hydrostatic Pressure Reduction inside the Casing, Cement Shrinkage Borehole caving Angular, Splintery cavings Highly tensional/compressive stress Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type WELBORE FAILURE CONTD. Failure class Failure sub class Solids induced pack off Keyseating Sudden overpull Cyclic overpull at tool joint intervals on trips. High tensional side forces Underguage hole Pulled bit or stabilisers are undergauge. Sudden set down weight. Circulation is unrestricted. Bit stuck PDC bit run after a roller cone bit, When drilling abrasive formations Ledges and doglegs Sudden erratic overpull or set down Running an unsuitable BHA,changes in BHA Junk Missing hand tools / equipment. Circulation unrestricted. Sudden erratic torque. Inability to make hole. Poor housekeeping on the rig floor. The hole cover not installed Cement blocks Cement fragments. Erratic torque. Hard cement becomes unstable around the casing shoe Green cement Increase in pump pressure. Loss of string weight. Sudden decrease in torque. Green cement in mud returns, discoloration of mud. drill string is inadvertently run into cement Bit jamming Poor hole cleaning ,fluid is too thin Differential Sticking Bit balling Reduced ROP,Increased SPP, Overpull on tripping Swellable soft clays Failure Type Observations Potential Causes Errors Leading to failure Error type WELBORE FAILURE CONTD. Failure class Failure sub class Hole collapse Little or no filter cake Wellbore washouts Excessive hole fill,cuttings Swelling shale, hole erosion, insufficient mud weight Reactive formations Hydrated or mushy cavings. Shakers screens blind off, clay balls form. Increase in LGS, filter cake thickness, PV, YP, MBT When using WBM in shales and clays in young formations. When drilling with an incorrect mud specification When using WBM in shales and clays in young formations. When drilling with an incorrect mud specification Unconsolidated formations Increase in pump pressure. Fill on bottom. Overpull on connections. Shakers blinding Little natural cementation Mobile formations Overpull when moving up, takes weight when running in Drilling salt formations Fractured faulted formations Hole fill on connections. Possible losses or gains natural fracture system in the rock Tectonically stressed formations Pack-offs and bridges may occur. Cavings at the shakers (splintery). Increase torque and drag highly stressed formations are drilled Naturally over-pressured shale collapse Cavings (splintery) at shakers. Increased torque and drag. Hole fill. An increase in ROP. Cuttings and cavings are not hydrated or mushy. under-compaction, naturally removed overburden 5. Conclusions This work has been a modest attempt at classifying downhole failures and errors during drilling and tripping operations. Though not exhaustive, the work has been able to group failures and errors into their natural groups and then elucidated their symptoms and their potential causes. Finally, it is concluded that: Failures during tripping and drilling operations may be naturally classified into: wellbore related, equipment related and formation related failures That errors leading to these failures may be broadly classified into errors located in the formation, errors located in the equipment or errors located in the formation or wellbore being drilled That these errors may result from misinterpretation of test data, improper use of hardware or software, ineffective monitoring of events, under maintenance of equipment Nomenclature BHA = Bottom Hole Assembly BOP = Blowout Preventer CO2 = Carbon (IV) Oxide H2O = Water H2S = Hydrogen Sulphide HWDP = Heavy Weight Drill Pipe LC = Lost Circulation LGSC = Low Gravity Solids Content MBT = Methylene Blue Test MWD = Measurement While Drilling O2 = Oxygen PDC = Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bit POOH = Pull out of Hole RIH = Run in Hole ROP = Rate of Penetration SPP = Stand Pipe Pressure TD = Total Depth WBM = Water Based Mud WOB = Weight on Bit YP = Yield Point Acknowledgement A work of this magnitude must have been culled from other writers work; hence I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all the authors whose works were consulted in the course of writing this paper. This acknowledgement would essentially be incomplete if I fail to extend my deepest appreciation to the Almighty God-Jehovah, for without Him, there would have been no me. To others whom I have not mentioned due to space or the lack of it, I remain your debtor in gratitude.

Mahatma Gandhi Biography Speech Essay

â€Å"An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind†. This is a quote said by Mahatma Gandhi, an Indian revolutionary and religious leader who used his religious power for political and social reform and was the main force behind the second-largest nation in the world’s struggle for independence. Gandhi was born on October 2nd 1869 in Probandar, India. Him and his family lived in a self-sufficient residential community and only ate simple vegetarian food and undertook long fasts. He was the fourth child in the family and often had it the worse when it came to his education for his parents wanted him to follow in his father’s footsteps of becoming a lawyer. He eventually became a lawyer and trained in law in London and was employed in South America during the revolution from British control in India. At the age of 15 he married his wife Kasturba and had 4 children named Hirlal, Manilal, Ramdas, and Devdas. It was at this age that Mahatma first helped protest excessive land-tax and discrimination on the poorer people of India. What made him different from other protesters was that he created the concept of Satyagraha which is a nonviolent way of protesting injustices. He also spent 20 years of his life in South Africa fighting discrimination. He is also majorly known for leading the Indians in the Dandi Salt March of 1930 challenging the British-imposed salt tax. For many of his nonviolent protest though, he and many of his followers were often imprisoned in both South Africa and India. But weirdly enough, even after getting arrested many times, he never reacted in any violent ways for his vision of a free India was based off religion and pluralism. He was often described by many Indians as â€Å"The Father of The Nation†. On August 15th 1947, India attained independence after a great political and social struggle. Mahatma had achieved his goal but only enjoyed it for a short period of time. Mahatma Gandhi died on January 30th 1948, at the age of 78 in New Delhi after being assassinated by Nathuram Gadse. However, Mahatma’s legacy still continues for he inspired many movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. I decided to choose Mahatma Gandhi for my biography speech because he had a dramatic influence on the Indian Independence movement and achieved it in all nonviolent ways while never giving in to the evil that so many people do today.

Environmental Implications Of Environmental Risks - 773 Words

In a recent provocative piece, Laurance et al. (2015) outline nine issues that need to be considered by the proponents of infrastructure projects in order to minimise environmental degradation in both the short and long-term. Although the paper covers a wide range of issues, the alternative solutions for when building or upgrading infrastructure cannot be avoided, and the potential positives through preventing further agricultural land-use change, have not been fully explored. Laurance et al. (2015) begin their essay by arguing that, wherever possible, infrastructure projects should be avoided completely and that great caution should be taken when considering upgrades to existing infrastructure. However, Laurance et al. (2015) only†¦show more content†¦Biodiversity offsets aim for a ‘No Net Loss’ of biodiversity, by balancing the loss in one area, at one time, with a biodiversity gain in another, conserved area (BBOP, 2012; Apostolopoulou and Adams, 2015). For example, if an area of forest is removed, this could be compensated by ensuring the protection or reforestation of trees in another area (Apostolopoulou and Adams, 2015). Currently, offsets are being used in many areas across the world, (references) but their success is often reported to be uncertain due to problems in their design or implementation (Quintero Mathur, 2011; Bull et al., 2013). Therefore, although offsets alone may not be enough, a combined approach with landscap e-level conservation planning (LLCP) may allow industrial development to work synergistically with conservation (Bull et al., 2013). In LLCP, conservation goals are identified for either a specific species, community or ecological process. From there, the goals are used systematically to ascertain a set of areas, that once protected, would meet these conservation goals. For example, a study undertaken by Underwood (2009) compared the impacts to conservation projects when using a combination of LLCP with biodiversity offsets, to areas using only offsets, in San Diego Country, USA. He discovered that this combined approach was significantly more effective than offsets alone as there was a higher success rate of conservation for nearly all species of concern. Therefore,Show MoreRelatedMaterial Disclosure Of Risk Assessment And Implications Of Environmental, Social, And Governance Essay805 Words   |  4 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION It is through the guidelines report that material disclosure of risk assessment and implications of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors is increasingly important, therefore companies need to raise awareness, management, and responsibility in offering more substantiated reporting. 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